{"id":257,"date":"2021-04-12T16:03:55","date_gmt":"2021-04-12T16:03:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/?page_id=257"},"modified":"2023-02-22T11:23:36","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T11:23:36","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/index.php\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"257\" class=\"elementor elementor-257\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b87e9b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4b87e9b5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb26e0\" data-id=\"7ffb26e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20de980d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"20de980d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16b2317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16b2317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Our group develops new techniques to exploit some of the unique characteristics of X-ray radiation. We are especially interested in X-ray coherence and X-ray scattering.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4fefbe1a\" data-id=\"4fefbe1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c484d1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c484d1a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a228ab6\" data-id=\"a228ab6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8fdff9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a8fdff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf303b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf303b0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c8a2e4\" data-id=\"8c8a2e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f59d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1f59d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quick links<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e0dbe6\" data-id=\"4e0dbe6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ead6c6 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8ead6c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ptycho.github.io\/ptypy\/\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"PtyPy\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-github\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ptycho.github.io\/ptypy\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPtyPy\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d8d4545\" data-id=\"d8d4545\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c4b22 elementor-position-left elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"d9c4b22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/optimato\/UMPA\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"UMPA\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-github\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/optimato\/UMPA\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUMPA\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-460e7df elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"460e7df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-209c9a9b ops-section animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"209c9a9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll&quot;:&quot;section&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f9c797c animated-slow elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7f9c797c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:200}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f155c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f155c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">X-rays for science<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6e8a2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6e8a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>X-rays have attracted the fascination of the general public since their discovery 125 years ago. They are now used for a broad range of applications. Beyond the well-known medical CT scans and airport security screening, X-rays are used in all fields of science and technology to see what would otherwise be invisible.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-da39818 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da39818\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1693bfb\" data-id=\"1693bfb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4057405 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4057405\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Roentgen_hand-p8phbg7vn93q7oglgfmnbko6aiw4x626zxacf195a8.jpg\" title=\"Roentgen_hand\" alt=\"The hand of Anna Berthe R\u00f6ngten, the very first X-ray radiograph, done on the 22 December 1895.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The hand of Anna Berthe R\u00f6ngten, the very first X-ray radiograph, done on the 22 December 1895.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d0dd56\" data-id=\"7d0dd56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e75cd3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e75cd3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/plantain_radiograph_inverted_contrast-p8phnq00vdwhsemvsqlavh6thmenews1cnwjz3241s.jpg\" title=\"plantain_radiograph_inverted_contrast\" alt=\"X-ray radiograph of the fruits of a broadleaf plantain (Plantago major)\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">X-ray radiograph of the fruits of a broadleaf plantain (Plantago major)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6935269 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6935269\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ac892b\" data-id=\"4ac892b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99d69f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99d69f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">New X-ray imaging modalities<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b058c8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b058c8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Normally, X-ray images are absorption maps of the sample they travel through. Like any other type of light, X-rays can also be refracted, though by only small angles. X-rays can also be scattered, typically by structures on a length scale similar to the X-ray wavelength &#8211; that is, down to the atomic scale!<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-38f85a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"38f85a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d8ad06a\" data-id=\"d8ad06a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2a7372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2a7372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-1024x264.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-941\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-1024x264.png 1024w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-768x198.png 768w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-1536x396.png 1536w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-2048x529.png 2048w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/x-ray-contrast-mechanisms-horizontal-1568x405.png 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:25.81%;max-width:2325px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">X-ray contrast mechanisms. Absorption (in blue) appears as a weakening of the incident beam intensity. Refraction (in green) is a deviation of the X-ray beam caused by the sample. Scattering (in purple) is a dispersion of the incident X-rays caused by small-scale structure in the sample.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bcb5e2b\" data-id=\"bcb5e2b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37cec49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37cec49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main contrast mechanisms available to X-ray scientists are depicted here. Absorption, the most common, is observed as a decrease of intensity caused by the interaction of the X-rays with the sample. X-rays can change direction while traveling through matter, a phenomenon known as refraction. This effect is normally very weak, but is nevertheless important because it produces better images of low-density samples. Finally, scattering is the &#8220;messy&#8221; mechanism that contains all the rest of the physics: coherent and incoherent interaction with nanometer-scale variations in the sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92b8343 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92b8343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because refraction can be explained as a change in the phase velocity of the X-rays through matter, imaging methods that rely on refraction are called &#8220;phase-contrast&#8221; methods. Compared to absorption, which is readily observed with any X-ray detector, phase-contrast requires ingenious techniques to capture the small deviations in the incident X-ray wavefront.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2872557 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2872557\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d579a5f\" data-id=\"d579a5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22ca3ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22ca3ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhase-sensitive X-ray methods excel when the variation in density are small, like in animal soft tissues. It is also an invaluable tool when there is a need for quantitative imaging: when we want to know not only if one part of a sample is denser, then another, but precisely by how much. By now, many strategies have been devised to measure such signal. On the right, results from two methods developed by our group: speckle-based imaging<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.384531>Zdora2020a<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, and ptychography<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/6\/063004>Thibault2012<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d3d79e\" data-id=\"0d3d79e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ffc355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ffc355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/phase-contrast-examples.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-943\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/phase-contrast-examples.png 700w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/phase-contrast-examples-300x156.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" style=\"width:100%;height:51.86%;max-width:700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Two examples of phase-contrast images. On the left, a differential phase contrast image of an insect (Orius Niger) where darker and brighter values indicate rightward and leftward refraction, respectively. On the right, the phase image of a porous sphere, where brighter pixels indicate a stronger phase shift.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65fae4a ops-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65fae4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll&quot;:&quot;section&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e390d9d\" data-id=\"e390d9d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bb213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14bb213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scattering-aware X-ray imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b5d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db7b5d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The research project S-BaXIT (Scattering-Based X-ray Imaging and Tomography) funded by the European Research Council, aims at bringing X-ray scattering mechanisms fully into the context of imaging, and to develop and apply techniques that exploit scattering through new measurement strategies.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>We work on scattering-aware imaging modalities that can reveal features that could not be seen before. We will use these methods for a broad range of applications, from advanced materials to fragile biological samples, to valuable heritage and archaeological artifacts.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Our favorite strategy is to exploit &#8220;measurement diversity&#8221;: the idea of taking multiple measurements while some well-controlled experimental parameters are changed. The resulting datasets contain redundant information that is then algorithmically decoded. The two experimental methods that form the starting point of our exploration are ptychography and speckle-based X-ray imaging.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f29a7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f29a7a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb104bf\" data-id=\"cb104bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb9df2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb9df2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ptychography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-501b6a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"501b6a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ptychography is a lensless imaging technique that can produce extremely high resolution images &#8211; down to the nanometer with X-rays, and below the atomic scale with electrons. This technique requires the high-quality X-rays that can be obtained almost exclusively in large synchrotron radiation facilities. First developed in the 70s to improve the resolution of transmission electron microscopy, it has had tremendous success within the last decade as a X-ray microscopy technique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-088ecdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"088ecdc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ffcea0\" data-id=\"5ffcea0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-298cfbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"298cfbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptyhography_setup_schematic-1024x612.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-942\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptyhography_setup_schematic-1024x612.png 1024w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptyhography_setup_schematic-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptyhography_setup_schematic-768x459.png 768w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptyhography_setup_schematic.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:59.75%;max-width:1200px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Schematic representation of a ptychography experiment: diffraction patterns are collected as a sample is translated and rotated in a narrow X-ray beam.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4f589c\" data-id=\"b4f589c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d0bd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39d0bd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA ptychographic dataset is a collection of multiple diffraction patterns measured while the sample is translated and rotated in a fixed X-ray illumination. The distribution of the scattered X-rays contains the high-resolution information required to reconstruct the sample image<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S1600577514015343>Thibault2014<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6020c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a6020c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-27e76ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27e76ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cda7c0\" data-id=\"4cda7c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a219b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a219b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOur group works on data analysis tools and reconstruction algorithms to solve ptychographic problems. One of the successful methods is the difference map<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1158573>Thibault2008<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, a meta-algorithm that can solve a wide variety of constraint-based problems. Another method, most often used as a refinement step, is based on maximum likelihood principles <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/6\/063004>Thibault2012<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Both methods have been implemented in our open-source Python package <a href=\"http:\/\/ptycho.github.io\/ptypy\">ptypy<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2016.0640>Enders2016<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e821610\" data-id=\"e821610\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6fa139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e6fa139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ptycho.github.io\/ptypy\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"219\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptypy_logo_trasparent_background.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1115\" alt=\"ptypy logo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptypy_logo_trasparent_background.png 401w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ptypy_logo_trasparent_background-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" style=\"width:100%;height:54.61%;max-width:401px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1b7265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f1b7265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f817ea6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f817ea6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-17de452\" data-id=\"17de452\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7225446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7225446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/3d_ptycho_figure.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1004\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/3d_ptycho_figure.png 800w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/3d_ptycho_figure-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/3d_ptycho_figure-768x463.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:60.25%;max-width:800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Two examples of ptychographic nano-CT<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-59e8536\" data-id=\"59e8536\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec936f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec936f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe extension of the technique to three dimensions appeared soon after its demonstration in 2D.\u00a0Our group was part of the pioneering team for ptychographic nano-CT<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/3\/035017>Dierolf2010<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, and is still active in the development and improvement of the technique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep09210>Zanette2015<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15790d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15790d2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f8aa468\" data-id=\"f8aa468\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a8c4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90a8c4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Speckle-based X-ray imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdc0432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdc0432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpeckle-based imaging (SBI) is sensitive to the disturbances caused by a sample on the incident X-rays, beyond simple absorption. The key idea is to use a patterned X-ray illumination, whose deformations are analysed to extract information from a sample<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.253903>Zanette2014<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c446635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c446635\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f55b56\" data-id=\"8f55b56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b819e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"b819e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/flower_bud_animated_figure_small.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9adb7ba\" data-id=\"9adb7ba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6cccac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6cccac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAn example measurement in shown on the left. A patterned illumination &#8211; here simply produced by placing a piece of sandpaper in the X-ray beam &#8211; is shifted around in the field of view. Refraction caused by the sample causes distortions in the speckle pattern. The Unified Modulation Pattern Analysis (UMPA) is an algorithmic method developed by our group to extract the refraction angles from these measurements<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_257_15('footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.203903>Zdora2017a<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_257_15_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In addition to refraction, also called differential phase-contrast, an attenuation and a scattering images are also extracted (not shown on this image).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1640c98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1640c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our laboratory at Elettra hosts a liquid-metal-jet X-ray source, where speckle-based imaging will be further developed and applied to a broad range of samples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_257_15();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_257_15();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_257_15\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_257_15\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M.-C. Zdora, I. Zanette, T. Walker, N. W. Phillips, R. Smith, H. Deyhle, S. Ahmed and P. Thibault, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.384531>X-ray phase imaging with the unified modulated pattern analysis of near-field speckles at a laboratory source<\/a>, <b>Appl. Opt.<\/b> (2020)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_2');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_5');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">P. Thibault and M. Guizar-Sicairos, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/6\/063004>Maximum-likelihood refinement for coherent diffractive imaging<\/a>, <b>New J. Phys.<\/b> (2012)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">P. Thibault, M. Guizar-Sicairos and A. Menzel, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S1600577514015343>Coherent imaging at the diffraction limit<\/a>, <b>J. Synchrotron Radiat.<\/b> (2014)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">P. Thibault, M. Dierolf, A. Menzel, O. Bunk, C. David and F. Pfeiffer, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1158573>High-Resolution Scanning X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy<\/a>, <b>Science<\/b> (2008)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">B. Enders and P. Thibault, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2016.0640>A computational framework for ptychographic reconstructions<\/a>, <b>P. Roy. Soc. A-MathA-math. Phy.<\/b> (2016)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M. Dierolf, P. Thibault, A. Menzel, C.M. Kewish, K. Jefimovs, I. Schlichting, K. K\u00f6nig, O. Bunk and F. Pfeiffer, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/3\/035017>Ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging of weakly scattering specimens<\/a>, <b>New J. Phys.<\/b> (2010)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">I. Zanette, B. Enders, M. Dierolf, P. Thibault, R. Gradl, A. Diaz, M. Guizar-Sicairos, A. Menzel, F. Pfeiffer and P. Zaslansky, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep09210>Ptychographic X-ray nanotomography quantifies mineral distributions in human dentine<\/a>, <b>Sci. Rep.<\/b> (2015)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">I. Zanette, T. Zhou, A. Burvall, U. Lundstr\u00f6m, D.\u2009H. Larsson, M. Zdora, P. Thibault, F. Pfeiffer, and H.\u2009M. Hertz, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.253903>Speckle-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging with a Laboratory Source<\/a>, <b>Phys. Rev. Lett.<\/b> (2014)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15('footnote_plugin_tooltip_257_15_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_257_15_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M.-C. Zdora, P. Thibault, T. Zhou, F. J. Koch, J. Romell, S. Sala, A. Last, C. Rau and I. Zanette, <a href=http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.203903>X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging and Metrology through Unified Modulated Pattern Analysis<\/a>, <b>Phys. Rev. Lett.<\/b> (2017)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_257_15() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_257_15').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_257_15').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_257_15() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_257_15').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_257_15').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_257_15() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_257_15').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_257_15(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_257_15(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_257_15(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_257_15(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_257_15(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_257_15(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Our group develops new techniques to exploit some of the unique characteristics of X-ray radiation. We are especially interested in X-ray coherence and X-ray scattering. Quick links PtyPy UMPA X-rays for science X-rays have attracted the fascination of the general public since their discovery 125 years ago. They are now used for a broad&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/index.php\/research\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Research<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-257","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research - S-BaXIT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Overview of the research activity of the ERC-funded S-BaXiT (Scattering-Based X-ray Imaging and Tomography) project\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/s-baxit.optimato.eu\/index.php\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research - 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